Technology
The facility’s design means that various processes can be studied with a significantly higher precision than was previously possible. The researchers will also be able to study reactions occurring at very short time.
The measurement unit for a fine and dense electron beam with as little scattering as possible is nanoradians. The electron beam emittance, a measure of its size, is 1-3 units for today’s best facilities. The emittance for the large ring in MAX IV gets down to around 0.2 units - the finest beam in the world.
The Linac accelerator cannot only provide electrons to the rings, but also produces short light pulses on a femtosecond scale (one femtosecond = 0.000 000 000 000 001 seconds.) These light pulses are led into a special laboratory and can be used to be able to monitor rapid chemical reactions in real time.
In contrast to today’s MAX facility, the electron storage rings at MAX IV will be injected at full energy. This means that the rings will be able to be continuously refilled with electrons a few times a minute and kept filled to the maximum around the clock.
All synchrotron light accelerators do not work at the same energy level. The energy that is applied to the electrons is measured in GeV, gigaelectronvolts or billion electronvolts. The electronpulses in MAX IV will be fed 3 GeV in the large ring and 1.5 GeV in the small ring.
The beam-lines
1 FemtoMAX, the first beam-line that is commissioned. Placed at the Linac. Can produce X-rays shorter than 100 femtoseconds, which makes it possible to follow ultra-fast processes in real time.
2 NanoMAX, enables various imaging technologies, such as spectroscopy with a unique spatial resolution in the nanometer range. Of great value for everything from nanotechnology to biological research.
3 Balder, a hard X-ray spectroscopy beam-line, of great benefit to environmental, energy and material research and catalyst research and archaeological research.
4 BioMAX, can determine structures for biological molecules using X-ray diffraction. Specialized for protein and pharmaceutical research.
5 Veritas, will be world-leading in soft X-ray, inelastic X-ray scattering. Mainly used by physicists to investigate electronic structures in superconductors and semiconductors, but also has broad applications in other areas of science.
6 Hippie, is used for the study of surfaces under realistic pressure conditions with electron spectroscopy. For studies of e.g. catalytic processes in emission control, of corrosion processes and of fluid surfaces such as water.
7 ARPES, a beam-line at the smaller storage ring, angle-resolved electron spectroscopy, for studies of superconducting, thermo-electricity, magnetism to achieve new materials with new properties.
8 FinEstBEAMS, also at the little ring, will be used to study materials with soft X-rays. It is funded by Finland and Estonia.
9 Species, a beam-line that will be moved to the smaller ring at MAX IV. It is used to study materials and their interaction with ambient gases with inelastic X-ray scattering.
Additional:
FlexPES
MaxPEEM
SoftiMAX
CoSAXS
Bloch
DanMAX
ForMAX
MicroMAX